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December 14, 2005

Reflections on letters and Europe.

In my blogs to date I have confined myself to issues related to the clinical practice of heart and chest surgery. I have dealt with some contentious issues but within the domain of my day job. My opposite number Cardiothoracic Surgery Network (www.ctsnet.org) blogger has covered the parsing of political paparazzi, global warming, defrauding of charities, and how George Orwell’s novel “1984” was a harbinger of dependency and the limits on choice in health care on either side of the Atlantic. Liberated by his example I will use this blog for a more seasonal purpose. But first, since George Orwell has been mentioned, I learned from a piece in Saturday’s Guardian (10th December) concerning the discovery of letters written by his first wife Eileen. Letters are less often hand written if written at all now. Eileen was the sister of Laurence O’Shaugnessy, an Irishman and a rising star in 1930s British thoracic surgery. He worked for at time with Ferdinand Sauerbruch in Berlin. Events separated them and O’Shaugnessy returned to Europe as an army volunteer and was lost in 1940 during the retreat from Dunkirk. His name appears on the war memorial amongst those whose whereabouts are known only to God. The French thoracic surgeon Michel Ribet tells this story in a letter to the journal Thorax, with an intense personal perspective (Thorax 1992; 47:842). Ribet reminds us of how much European surgical collaboration had to be rebuilt after the destruction by war of so much that was tangible and intangible.

But to return to my purpose in this blog, it is more to discuss another type of letter, the round robin letter, which families send around at this time of the year. This is a literary device in which, ever more easily thanks to electronic media, we are able to construct and disseminate an annual newsletter of our doings during the year. It typically includes a digest of family news for friends and acquaintances. It is much derided in some quarters and nowhere more amusingly than in Simon Hoggart’s books - I see that after his popular success in 2004 he has a new one for Christmas 2005. Not all agree with Hoggart. Professor Janet Treasure for instance takes a quite different view. She sees these letters as an entirely appropriate medium for the friendly exchange of news. And who can ignore the views of a leading psychiatrist, particularly one who received an NHS Gold Award this year? Those who want an introduction or an update on her recent achievements need only look to Google where she dominates most of the first several pages (I gave up after a dozen) with her writing and clinical work in Eating Disorders. Her team are spread over three sites: the in patient base at London’s famous Bethlem Hospital, the national Institute of Psychiatry on the Maudsley site, and her Professorial department at Guy’s Hospital where she is Chair. This geographically dispersed group tend to gather in our south London home which sits conveniently within the triangle marked by these notable institutions. Along with many international colleagues (to whom warm greetings) they demonstrate no problem with eating and are certainly never disorderly.

These round robin letters are mocked mercilessly by some, as distillations of selected self-congratulatory news that will cast the writer and family in a good light as the darkness of the variously named feasts of the winter solstice arrive. I intend to abide by that tradition in this blog so any spin will be positive. I do realise that readers in the Southern Hemisphere will have long days and ample light but there, it is alleged, the exiting bath water is also spun in the opposite direction. The tradition (and there is a remarkable consistency in the Round Robin form, almost like an IMRaD paper) is to list the children starting with the beloved first born. In our case this would be Sam. He has had ups and downs this year. The downs were the result of falling off his bicycle a couple of times, on the way between Sussex University campus and his home in Brighton. As a result he had broken bits of himself including teeth, small bones, his morale and some of his joie de vivre. He has recovered on all fronts including gaining high marks in his Theoretical Physics course and will be 24 years old next Saturday. Happy birthday Sam. Jean, the no less beloved second born, is in her third year, a pioneer medical student in the new Brighton school. Sussex University had a strong Psychology Department now reflected in its new Medical School (also in its third year, hence Jean the pioneer) for she is now in the unnerving position of having professors and teachers very familiar with her mother’s work. To date, connections with cardiothoracic surgery have passed relatively unremarked.

I stray from my subject. It is no chance that the titles of Hoggart’s books with their hilarious exposés of the most naff and self congratulatory of Christmas letters are entitled “The Cat Who Could Open The Fridge” and the “The Hamster That Loved Puccini” because after the parents’ career moves and the children’s achievements are told, anecdotes about the family pets follow. We could not compete there. Our London menagerie is down to the last few quail, canaries and cockatiels. As Jean moved away to Medical School and the bravado of inner London’s foxes escalated, our garden was no longer the haven it was for geese, ducks and bantam fowl. Tilly, the last surviving goose, died peacefully earlier this year, in the country at grandma’s. But with the spring, we hope to return to animal husbandry. The ten acres of Falcon Farm have been reshaped over the eight years with restored and new planted hedgerows, an orchard, a nut grove, woodland and ponds. The place has come alive with the creatures previously driven out by decades of modern farming. Our man made ponds have blended into nature and shy moorhens have nested and brought up their families these last two years. We have introduced toads and newts, probably unnecessarily because slow worms and an abundance of frogs have made their own way. Our agricultural efforts have been in the orchard and kitchen garden but so far I have not mentioned the meadow. The five acres where we have sown old fashioned grasses and wild flowers, now sheltered by woods and hedgerows, has caught the eye of a gentle, earth friendly local farmer who asks if it can be home to some in-calf Sussex heifers. What have I been waiting for? What I have needed though is the carer as well as the cows.

The European Association for Cardio-thoracic surgery (EACTS) has occupied a great deal of time this year and much travelling, almost on a par with Janet’s, and not compatible with tending cows and calves. In 2004 the travels included Turkey, Greece, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Florida and California and in 2005, which will be dominated by my Presidential year, so far scheduled are Ireland, Philadelphia, Chicago, Romania, Poland and Sweden. I have already referred to the devastation of Europe’s medical and scientific collaboration as a result of terrible wars of the twentieth century. We seem to have stopped counting after two. EACTS and ESTS are part of the rebuilding of medical Europe. The first wave was in Western Europe but now the Eastern European countries are a playing a large part and our annual meetings of Thoracic and Cardiac surgeons are the largest in the world. But over Christmas, I will relish a quieter time. We hope it will be family time, and on Falcon Farm.

Sam and Jean share a home in Brighton, the place to be, the place to party - but a curious deadness falls on England over Christmas. Not just England. The legacy of the war left Europe divided and caught between the influences of the USA and USSR. John le Carre in Absolute Friends describes the anarchists and wannabe urban terrorists of cold war Berlin who on Christmas Eve “experience one of those moments of self-revelation from which there can be no retreat. Already by the twenty-third of December the squat is three-quarters empty as communards abandon principle and slink home to celebrate in the bosom of their reactionary families. Those who have nowhere to go remain behind like uncollected children in a boarding school.” I hope I will never be seen as reactionary or that Sam and Jean will ever need to slink.

December 04, 2005

Life defining decisions about coronary interventions are important enough to be made in a Multidisciplinary Team Meeting.

As the end of the year approaches it is time to plan for next year. I have just attended a series of meetings about meetings. ESTS Council met in Paris to plan the May 2006 Cluj-Napoca meeting, EACTS discussed the Stockholm meeting in Windsor and in London we are setting the programme for the Summer meeting of our Cardiothoracic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine. For 23rd June 2006 the subject at the RSM is The Cardiac Multidisciplinary Team. This is the notion that the cardiologist and surgeon work together to decide the coronary management plan. Perhaps the public think that happens already but evidently not. Read David Taggart (Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery in the University of Oxford). Taggart reasons that “A multidisciplinary approach is essential” (BMJ 2nd April 2005). More often in my experience the patient is shown a coned-in view of a narrowed coronary artery, there is some physicianly body language in the form of head shaking, brow furrowing and sucking in through the teeth, and then, hey presto, have I got the stent for you! The solitary man with a hammer sees a nail and knows what he has to do - but from the wider perspective of a multidisciplinary team, each intervention is only one step on the patient’s life journey in which a single step driven by the occulo-stenotic reflex might just be a step in the wrong direction. Surely that first step should not be made without consideration of the route ahead and the ultimate destination. For many patients now receiving percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) if all aspects were properly considered “best evidence favours surgery over percutaneous intervention” writes Taggart and he ably defended his argument in debate at EACTS (Barcelona September 2005) and again in the correspondence columns of the British satirical magazine Private Eye.
DPTPE.jpg
Life defining decisions about coronary interventions are important enough to be made in a Multidisciplinary Team Meeting.

Surgeons joke about the occulo-stenotic reflex and yet the most eminent cardiologists use before and after slides to make their point, as they have done since the first PTCA. Now it’s a video clip rather than grainy stills but this salesman’s “now you see it now you don’t” approach is surely demeaning to a senior audience who deserve data. To make a decision we need statistically sound results in hundreds and thousands of patients, and to know relative benefits in terms of years and decades, in comparisons with other or with no intervention. You can hear more from David Taggart along these lines at meetings to come - and it should be worth hearing. Meanwhile he is adding to high quality evidence with his brain child the Arterial Revascularisation Trial (ART) (http://www.csm-oxford.org.uk/index.asp?o=1121) which compares single versus double mammary artery grafting. Multivariate analysis, however brilliant the analyst, will not resolve whether the claimed long term benefits are attributable to the second mammary graft itself or the potential confounders which are its selected application in better patients and the higher degree of skill required for a surgeons to be comfortable with this choice. The point is that an RCT is the only way to find out. It is hoped that Taggart’s ART trial will answer the question; it has already recruited about 700 patients!

The management of coronary disease is a remarkable international success story which I have seen unfold in my professional lifetime. It has been both a technical and public health triumph. Soon after the Argentinian surgeon Favaloro visited London in 1970 and demonstrated his coronary operation, I assisted Donald Ross with some of the first coronary operations in England. Through the 1980s I supported our cardiologists as they replicated the angioplasty work of the Swiss radiologist Gruntzig and into the 1990s I participated in the British RITA trials. Very many patients have been helped by these interventions but the down turn in the coronary disease epidemic which we are now seeing has been gained neither by surgery nor PCI. It is due to substantial changes in consumption of fat and dairy products, cholesterol lowering by diet and pharmacology, and because smoking is going out of fashion. Those benefits gained in populations, also inform the multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach which plans not only the interventions but drives metabolic and life style change for the individual.

For the thoracic surgeon the equivalent epidemic has been lung cancer where the incidence is also turning down thanks to a public health mission against smoking but for the many lung cancer patients we will continue to see, multidisciplinary working is the norm. In the UK the MDT is now the standard of care. We have at our disposal chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery and a range of palliative strategies and the challenge is to employ whatever combination will give the patient the best prospect of relief and longevity. And that is what we do. I am pleased to have been brought up and to have trained within a health service where we do not compete to treat and bill (pace Dr Replogle’s blog “Blind Faith and Choice 27th November). There is an important and unstated difference however between the pulmonologist and the cardiologist. The pulmonologist is the usual first point of contact for lung cancer patients, the “gatekeeper” and, in our team at Guy’s Hospital, he is the leader. But the respiratory physician does not “treat” the cancer, in most instances. Clinical management – chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery or any combination - is in the hands of other members of the team. This is in marked contrast to angina where the cardiologist is not only the gate keeper but prescribes all the drugs, adjudicates on all the tests, performs the angiogram and, like the man with a hammer to whom everything looks like a nail, the cardiologist can and will perform the PCI. Surgery tends to be a last resort when all else has failed.

For coronary disease there is a whole other context which is the management of acute coronary events, particularly evolving infarction. Howard Swanton recent President of the British Cardiac Society presented the evidence for the relative merits of PCI and thrombolysis at the Evan Jones Memorial Lecture at St Thomas’ Hospital (November 2005). Just as the elective management of angina has been completely transformed in my lifetime, so have the options for acute ischaemia. In the 1960s patients with infarcts were put to bed and kept there. In 1967 I remember presenting such a patient to an austere physician and had the misfortune to use the phrase “coronary thrombosis”. He had a gaze that shrivelled medical students and turning it on me he asked “Where do you learn your medicine, Treasure? In the Reader’s Digest?” for it had been proven and was well known to him and apparently the rest of the world in the 1960s that infarction was not caused by thrombosis in the coronary artery. That was before GISSI, ISIS2 and the benefits of chewing an aspirin rescued the thrombus theory from being a figment of my imagination to its now central role. Also it turns out that the sooner you restore blood flow, the more likely you are to live and the more myocytes you will have with which to enjoy life - hardly a surprising “discovery”.

Early in my career, emergency surgery was tried and set to one side. Now if my anterior descending coronary were to occlude and I could get to Dr Swanton, or even someone half as skilled, that’s what I would want: acute PCI. I had the pleasure to work with him between 1982 and 1990. In those years the emphasis was that the emerging technology of angioplasty should be “safe” and always be backed up by surgery. Attention was focused on stable angina and the “culprit lesion”. Infarction is often the very first manifestation of coronary disease and it is the mild stenosis, that fissures and occludes, that may well be the fatal one (Lancet 1991; 338:1379-80). The occulo-stenotic reflex produces an undue emphasis on stenoses. Which will be the one to occlude and when, we cannot predict. When a vessel occludes, the culprit has declared itself and the object is clear – to reopen it to save heart muscle and to save life – and 24/7 catheter laboratory availability will be needed to deliver that service. On the other hand, for an elective case, a planned surgical strategy of complete revascularisation including arterial grafts may be a better strategy for life than picking off one stenosis after another in the catheter laboratory. That is a decision that deserves an MDT.